Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FAS Essay - 2732 Words

Could you ever imagine feeding your infant alcohol through a bottle? This is equivalent to what alcohol does to the fetus in the womb. This results in a tragic disease known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Alcohol can affect a human body in many different ways. Alcohol can be the highlight of a party and make anything exciting, but also can seriously alter human life. It’s quite often that we see on the news another victim dead, or in critical condition because their signs and symptoms were loud enough for others to notice, because a baby cannot speak for itself it isn’t able to show signs of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is effecting it. Most mothers would agree that they would not feed their infant alcohol through a bottle so why do they†¦show more content†¦It isn’t as common for brain damage to occur in the last trimester, but brain damage is at its highest vulnerability rate 15-25 days into the pregnancy. Malformations common to these areas suggest that structural damage commence early ( Caleekal 1). This information could greatly help determine on how much of the effects a child will have of Fetal Alcohol syndrome, but there is still no safe amount of alcohol a pregnant women should be safe to consume. Alcohol is a chemical that is toxic to the developing of the Central Nervous System(Stratton et al.2). According to The Sunday Times ,just one glass of wine a week can make babies â€Å"jump† in the womb throughout a nine-month pregnancy. The Sunday Times also reported that â€Å"experts believe this abnormal hyperactive behavior is the result of alcohol slowing or retarding the formation of the central nervous system.† Even before the actual child is born it faces problems that it has no control over and these problems will continue to hinder the child for the rest of its life. There is no known cure for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, no medication to control the side effects, the cure may seem simple and it is do not drin k if you believe or suspect that you may become pregnant. Unfortunately, the simple cure still does not work. However, there are some ways to prevent Fetal Alcohol Syndrome from claiming another victim. A woman who consumes alcoholShow MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Syndrome ( Fas )1404 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorders is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). According to Feldman (2009), Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a disorder that is induced by pregnant women who have consumed alcohol during the duration of their pregnancy, possibly resulting in mental deformity and delayed the growth of the child. Some characteristics of FAS include growth deficiency and central nervous system dysfunction (Mattson, 2006). Although the child may not be diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, if the child was exposed to alcohol duringRead More Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) One of the leading causes of mental retardation in the United States is fetal alcohol syndrome or FAS. Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance by pregnant women because its legal and socially acceptable. A greater majority of young women are not aware of the complications that are involved with pregnancy. They see pregnancy as a way of bringing a life into the world but do not use the necessary safety measure in their dietary habits to prevent such damage orRead MorePrenatal Alcohol During Pregnancy Results Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ( Fas )1497 Words   |  6 Pagesprenatal ethanol exposure. Alcohol. 2013; 47 (2): 109-120. Introduction Consuming alcohol during pregnancy results in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). The spectrum of FAS ranges from barely detectable to severe functional and cognitive birth defects. In the United States approximately 9.1 out of 1,000 live births exhibit some degree of FAS spectrum. Although excessive consumption of alcohol is considered a human teratogen the biochemical mechanism and the developmental origins FAS spectrum remain unclearRead MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 Pagesin this essay is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Since the alcohol is consumed in such a developing stage of the fetus, it can potentially cause many different complications in the unborn child. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome could easily be prevented with more awareness to the issue and its defining characteristics, how it affects the fetus during growth, and finally the long-term effects on the individual’s life. The science behind FAS will be explainedRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition affecting children born to women who drink heavily during pregnancy. There are three criteria used to describe the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and to make a diagnosis of FAS. The first of these is a pattern of facial anomalies, these features include: #61558; Small eye openings #61558; Flat cheekbones #61558; Flattened groove between nose and upper lip #61558; Thin upper lip These characteristicsRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe the disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancyRead MoreThe Truth About What Alcohol Abuse Does to a Fetus1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe Truth About Fetal Alcohol Abuse Would you have ever thought of physically, mentally, and/or emotionally harming an unborn child? In the 1990s people have noted the significant impact alcohol-related birth defects are having on our society then and now. My essay will discuss alcohol consumption among pregnant women and its adverse effects on fetal development. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or FAS is physical and mental health problem that destroys a childs learning development.Read MoreThe Effects of Alcohol from Utero into Later Life600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effects of Alcohol from Utero into Later Life During the ten months of gestation, the ever-growing fetus goes through the stages and changes of becoming a functional human. Unfortunately for some, these children will not get the full advantages of life because of the choices of another. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) has been calculated to have an impact on nearly forty thousand infants a year (fasdcenter). To really see the magnitude of the effects of this easily preventable disorder, researchersRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome942 Words   |  4 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome According to Seaver, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is birth defects causing learning, and behavioral problems in individuals whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. This disorder is very serious, yet it is recognized as one of the most preventable. This causes major issues, when something so serious could be prevented but is not. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a problem because it leaves a permanent effect on the unborn child, but some solutions could be educating women andRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol During Pregnancy On Children1041 Words   |  5 PagesAlcohol is a TERATOGEN, meaning that it will cause developmental damage to a FETUS or EMBRYO. The degree to which a TERATOGEN wreaks havoc on an unborn child largely depends on four factors: dosage, heredity, age, and additional negative factors. The most vulnerable prenatal period is during the stage of embryonic development, which occurs between the third and eighth weeks of pregnancy. Once alcohol penetrates the PLACENTA an d enters the fetal bloodstream it hinders the neurons inside the child’s

Freedom Of Speech A Theoretic Approach - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5059 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Freedom of Speech Essay Did you like this example? Freedom of Speech: A Theoretic Approach INTRODUCTION The Constitution â€Å"demands that content-based restrictions on speech be presumed invalid and that the Government bear the burden of showing their constitutionality.†[footnoteRef:1] That is to say, anything recognizable as a conception of freedom of expression must require that government, at least in its capacity as regulator, maintain a position of neutrality regarding messages. However, there are content-based restrictions on speech that have been allowed but only in a few instances such as incitement, obscenity, defamation, speech important to establish criminal conduct, fighting words, child pornography, fraud, true threats, and speech creating a serious and imminent threat the government has the power to prevent. As hate speech and rumors proliferate social media, many countries have attempted to implement â€Å"fake news† laws. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Freedom Of Speech: A Theoretic Approach" essay for you Create order Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar have all seen an increase in â€Å"fake news† and have attempted to criminalize anyone who delivers â€Å"fake news† including Brazil, Germany, France, and Kenya. Moreover, according to the decision in U.S. v. Alvarez, the United States has attempted and failed to criminalize â€Å"fake news.† [1: Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, 542 U.S. 656, 660, 124 S.Ct. 2783, 159 L.Ed.2d 690] Malaysia passed a law that would punish citizens on social media or those who are working at a digital publication for spreading fake news with a $123,000 dollar fine along with a possible prison sentence of up to six years. In France, the parliament has passed a law that targets fake news. The new law will impose a quick-response judicial review of potentially â€Å"manipulative† information shared during electoral periods. The new law will allow election candidates to sue for the removal of contested news reports during election periods, as well as forcing platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to disclose the source of funding for sponsored content.[footnoteRef:2] Germany introduced a plan that fined social media platforms if they did not remove posts that included hate speech. However, in the Philippines, the regulators stated that banning fake news in their country would be outright unconstitutional. The movement to ban fakes news is trending and nations like the United States are trying to come up with a solution that does not abridge the First Amendment. One way to curb fake news without abridging the First Amendment is allowing or encouraging companies or the market to handle it. For instance, YouTube is making a $25 million dollar investment to â€Å"improve its news features, joining Facebook, Apple, and parent company Google in campaigns to curb fake news†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [footnoteRef:3] Additionally, companies like RedPen are reducing the problem by using a combination of innovative technologies, including AI, natural language processing and sentiment analysis, to for multiple angles of a trending story in a single user interface. This information is great for companies; but what can the government do? Unlike private companies, the government is in a tough predicament due to the constraints of the First Amendment. The Government cannot censor speech while private companies can. To fully understand the concept of fake news, we have to look further into the past pre-trump era. [2: YOUNG, ZACHARY French Parliament passes law against ‘fake news’ 7/4/18, 12:44 PM CET Updated 7/4/18, 1:15 PM CET] [3: Olenski, Steve. â€Å"5 Ways Brands Can Combat Fake News† https://www.forbes.com/sites/steveolenski/2018/07/12/5-ways-brands-can-combat-fake-news/#5e6f771448f6 ] Fake news is not a new concept and has been around for quite some time. Even in 1938, a radio broadcast adaptation of H. G.Well’s drama The War of the Worlds frightened an estimated one million residents.[footnoteRef:4] The residents believed what they heard on the radio station was, in fact, happening since the radio was the main source of media in the 1930s. Currently, now that online platforms, particularly social media, are becoming the main sources of news for a growing number of individuals, misinformation seems to have found a new channel.[footnoteRef:5] Fake news is the intentional and verifiably false information that could mislead readers.[footnoteRef:6] Social media has changed news distribution and has challenged traditional beliefs of how news should look. Quick snippets of information from innumerable sources delivered every second of the day would cause a lot of confusion. [4: Edson C. Tandoc Jr., Zheng Wei Lim Richard Ling 2018] [5: Tandoc 2018] [6: Id.] The news is supposed to be based on truth, but who decides what the truth is? Statements are true if they correspond to the facts in the world. Truth is not absolute but maybe its relative to the culture, nation, ethnic backgrounds, and schools of thought. For example, science is a way to make the truth more absolute. There are methodologies, case studies, and empirical research that make of the paradigm of science. However, even with the scientific methods, we still find disagreement. The truth tends to be relative to a particular frame or reference. In order to determine what news is considered fake, we must look at what is the nature of â€Å"real news.† Traditionally, the news was expressed by journalists who adheres to a code of professionalism. A journalist must be objective and accurate. Above all, provide citizens with accurate and truthful information so they can be free and self-governing. With that responsibility, there comes liability. A journalist must stray away from providing misinformation and never provide disinformation. While misinformation refers to â€Å"the inadvertent sharing of false misinformation,† disinformation refers to â€Å"the deliberate creation and sharing of information known to be false.†[footnoteRef:7] Traditional news forums have printed misinformation plenty of times. Trump credits himself as being the creator of the term but the term has been around for a while. It was used heavily in campaigns during the 90s. [7: Wardle 2017 para. 1.] Since 2016 the Supreme Court has made references to how ambiguous and vague the phrase is. For instance, in Cohen v. California, the statement â€Å"fuck-the-draft† tapped directly into the vagueness issues and definitional difficulties afflicting the statutory phrase â€Å"offensive conduct† and whether, in turn, â€Å"fuck† fell within that definition.[footnoteRef:8] At the most fundamental level, fake news is a speech based phenomenon[footnoteRef:9]. It typically features words and may involve images. The First Amendment, thus, is relevant to the extent that restricting fake news necessitates government action targeting its producers and disseminators. The possibility of such government regulation is much more than just a hypothetical. California attempted to pass a bill that made it illegal to knowingly and willingly make, publish, or circulate on an Internet Website, or cause to be made, published, or circulated in any writing posted on a website, a false or deceptive statement designed to influence the vote on either a voter or candidate for office.[footnoteRef:10] Eventually, the bill was struck down. The major barrier, of course, is that political speech lies within the heart of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court and lawmakers must first understand what â€Å"fake news† actually means before any useful law can be passed. First, statements of opinion are not considered fake news. One possibility is that fake news consists of content that conveys the impression of being a real news article in print or, more appropriately, on the Internet.[footnoteRef:11] [8: Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 25 (1971).] [9: Calvert, Clay. First Amendment Law review. Vol 16. Pg. 156] [10: Id. ] [11: Id. at 161] For the purposes of this paper, the term fake news will be an intentional sharing of false information that gives the impression of being a real news article in print or on the Internet. This paper will determine whether fake news should be protected by the First Amendment, explore recent court decisions including Alvarez, apply Free Speech Theory and determine which theory or theories are best equipped to address the implications of the fake news, particularly, the news that was spread before the 2016 Presidential election. ANALYSIS A. United States v. Alvarez In Alvarez, Justice Kennedy stated Content-based restrictions on speech are subject to strict scrutiny and are almost always invalid, except in rare and extreme circumstances. While low categories of speech, such as defamation and true threats, present a serious and imminent threat, false statements alone do not present such a threat. Congress drafted the Stolen Valor Act too broadly, attempting to limit speech that could cause no harm.[footnoteRef:12] This principle regarding causation of harm, drawn from Justice Anthony Kennedy’s plurality opinion in United States v.Alvarez, becomes most relevant if the government attempts to regulate fake news.[footnoteRef:13] The Alvarez rule that proof of causation of harm must be demonstrated to uphold a content-based restriction on speech under strict scrutiny springs from the Court’s 2011 decision in the violent video game case of Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association. The majority concluded that punishment for false stat ements are improper and unconstitutional. Hence, Justice Breyer agreed with the overall decision but not in the analysis. Justice Breyer stated that instead of applying strict scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny is warranted. Even with applying intermediate scrutiny, punishment for false statements, the Stolen Valor Act, in this instance would be unconstitutional because it violates intermediate scrutiny and it applies to situations that are unlikely to cause harm.[footnoteRef:14] However, the dissent essentially stated that the Stolen Valor Act could not have been drafted any narrower, while still preventing the substantial harm caused by false statements concerning military decoration.[footnoteRef:15] [12: United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709 (2012).] [13: Id. at 725.] [14: Id.] [15: Id.] The best argument made in the opinion is the concurrence by Justice Breyer and Kagan. Intermediate scrutiny or the proportionality analysis should be used because the statute works First Amendment harm, while the Government can achieve its legitimate objectives in less restrictive ways. This approach is necessary if the First Amendment is to offer proper protection in the many instances in which a â€Å"statute adversely affects constitutionally protected interests but warrants neither near-automatic condemnation (as â€Å"strict scrutiny† implies) nor near-automatic approval (as is implicit in â€Å"rational basis† review).†[footnoteRef:16] However, the dissent points out that â€Å"there are broad areas in which any attempt by the state to penalize purportedly false speech would present a grave and unacceptable danger of suppressing truthful speech.†[footnoteRef:17] In fact, the court has not extended First Amendment protection on several occasions. The dissent points out several examples such as defamation of a public official. The dissent further leans on New York v. Sullivan stating â€Å"[e]ven a false statement may be deemed to make a valuable contribution to public debate, since it brings about ‘the clearer perception and livelier impression of truth, produced by its collision with error.†[footnoteRef:18] The dissent believes the plurality fears that we will see laws making it a crime to lie about civilian awards such as college degrees or certificates of achievement in the arts and sports.[footnoteRef:19] The dissent believes that the Stolen Valor Act is a narrowly tailored law to address an important issue. Congress was entitled to conclude that falsely claiming to have won the Medal of Honor is qualitatively different from even the most prestigious civilian awards and that the misappropriation of that honor warrants crimina l sanction.[footnoteRef:20] Although the dissent makes a good argument, the plurality made the best argument that I align myself with. False statements should not be regulated by the government unless it essential the elements of a crime such as Fraud. [16: U.S. v. Alvarez at 731] [17: Id. at 751] [18: J. Mill, On Liberty at 15] [19: U.S. v. Alvarez at 753] [20: Id. at 754 ] The plurality and concurrence fear that the government will misuse and overreach if the government is allowed to regulate. Because the statute, as drafted, applies even in a family, social, or other private contexts where lies are unlikely to cause harm, it creates too significant a burden on protected speech.[footnoteRef:21] The government could achieve its goals in a less burdensome way. The best solution to restrictions of speech, in this case, is intermediate scrutiny. [21: Id.] B. REGULATION Speech regulation is adopting policies and taking actions designed to reduce the prevalence of one or more classes of speech; therefore, it is an effort to reduce the amount of particular speech. Even mature democracies struggle with the issue of fake news. On January 1, 2018, Germany announced that it would begin to enforce a law, known as NetzDG, requiring social media sites to remove hate speech and fake news within 24 hours or face fines of up to 50 million Euros.[footnoteRef:22] The European Commission’s High Level Group on fake news and online disinformation take a 5 pillar approach to the fake news concept. In March 2018, the High Level Group issued a report concluding that although disinformation may not necessarily be illegal, it nevertheless is harmful to democratic values. This approach reminds me of the Harm Principle and although apparently avoiding â€Å"any form of censorship, either public or private,† it advocates greater self-regulation in the short te rm, with a long-range goal of developing a Code of Practices to encourage transparency, media literacy, diversity, the development of tools to â€Å"tackle† disinformation, and further research to monitor and assess the sources and impact of fake news.[footnoteRef:23] On the other hand, also in March, the Dutch Parliament voted to retract EUvsDisinfo.eu, a European Union website created by the East Stratcom Task Force in 2015 to report disinformation and fake news allegedly spread by Russian actors. Its Dutch opponents characterize it as a state publication that â€Å"passes judgments whether a publication in the free media contains the correct views or not. If your publication ends up in its database, you’re officially labeled by the EU as a publisher or disinformation and fake news.†[footnoteRef:24] [22: European Commission, â€Å"A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation.† ] [23: Id.] [24: Id. at 18.] These examples illustrate how problematic it can be when governmental entities become arbiters of what is true and what is fake. As the Dutch critics argued, governments should be loath to interfere in freedom of the press because â€Å"it makes it impossible for the truth to emerge in the public debate.†[footnoteRef:25] The marketplace of ideas must have been an underlying reason in the Dutch critic’s argument. It was definitely at the core of the pivotal 1964 U.S. Supreme Court decision, New York Times v. Sullivan. [25: Id. at 22] The Sullivan case arose during the civil rights movement, involving a Montgomery, Alabama, public safety commissioner named L.B. Sullivan, who sued the New York Times after it published a fundraising advertorial that described law enforcement actions designed to discourage protests by activists such as Martin Luther King Jr. and his followers. Sullivan claimed that the ad, which made several factually inaccurate allegations about the Montgomery police, had defamed him personally, even though he was not identified by name or title. In other words, Sullivan claimed the publication was fake news. He sought and won $500,000 in damages, without being required under Alabama law to prove that his reputation was actually harmed. But in a decision by Justice William Brennan, the high court reversed, concluding that under the First and Fourteenth Amendments, public officials like Sullivan could prevail in a libel suit only if they were also able to show not only falsity but actual malice on the part of the publisher. In other words, a publisher had knowledge that the statement was false, or proof that the publisher acted with reckless disregard for the truth. A showing of hatred or ill will, known as common law malice, is not sufficient to meet that test. According to Justice Brennan, because some factual errors are inevitable even in the most careful news reporting, this protection is essential to avoid media self-censorship, to promote vigorous reporting on government and public officials, and to preserve our â€Å"profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust and wide-open.† In subsequent years, the First Amendment protection expanded to include lawsuits by public figures as well as government officials. Alleging falsity was not enough. No doubt this situation is what prompted Donald Trump, first as a candidate and then as president, to float the idea that the law should be changed. Regulation should increase due to the swelling fabrication of news that is highly contentious. When there is social tension, especially if there are serious political, religious, racial or cultural differences, then people will be more vulnerable to fabricated news.[footnoteRef:26] The items can also be shared on social media and thus further gain legitimacy since the individual is receiving them from people they trust.[footnoteRef:27] This is a problem because most young and middle age, and a growing number of past generations rely heavily on social media for their news source.[footnoteRef:28] [26: Kirtley, Jane â€Å"Getting to the Truth: Fake News, Libel Laws, and â€Å"Enemies of the American People† American Bar Association] [27: Id.] [28: Head, Alison. â€Å"How Students Engage With News.† https://www.projectinfolit.org/news_study.html] C. Freedom of Expression and Free Speech Theory A marketplace of ideas approach provides the community with the opportunity to hear all ideas whether good or bad. The marketplace of ideas is imperfect but essential to facilitate the search for truth. This approach, because of the immense volume of ideas, allows for good ideas to emerge. The theory is that truth beats error in the competition of ideas. This concept and process is beneficial in discovering the best truth because the individual is exposed to a variety of paradigms and ideologies which help build a better, more tolerant, community. This approach does not silence the expression of opinion or ideas whether good or bad. Furthermore, under the Justice Holmes approach to the marketplace of ideas, the approach does not consider whether government interference is desired in order to prevent harm. It does state, however, that government interference should be minimal so that the truth would not be tainted in the marketplace. Notwithstanding where the government can actively e ngage in speech to further governmental ideas, you can infer that this approach is at the foundation of the Alvarez opinion. Under this approach, false statements are inevitable if there is to be an open and vigorous expression of views in public and private conversation, an expression the First Amendment seeks to guarantee.[footnoteRef:29] The marketplace of ideas is a great theory, however, this theory is based on an important assumption. [29: United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709, 718 (2012)] If there is fake news, there must be truth out there somewhere. If we accept that there is fake news then the assumption is that everyone is in search for the truth or best truth. This theme has been endorsed by famous writers of many eras. John Milton stated â€Å"Let Truth and Falsehood grapple; who ever knew Truth put to the worse, in a free and open encounter.†[footnoteRef:30] And Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, in his famous dissenting opinion stated â€Å"[W]hen men have realized that time has upset many fighting faiths, they may come to believe even more than they believe the very foundations of their own conduct that the ultimate good desired is better reached by free trade in ideas – that the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market.†[footnoteRef:31] Since 2016, it seems clear that marketplace competition forces, standing alone, will not drive fake news from the field of expression.[footnoteRef :32] For some people, the truth may be outweighed or overpowered when grappling, more like passively accepting, fake news. [30: Milton 1644] [31: Abrams v. United States 1919, 630] [32: Calvert, Clay. First Amendment Law review. Vol 16.] The marketplace of ideas approach focuses on speech maximization which increases the amount of speech in particular classes through forums, media, speech tokens and types. This specific method is offered to combat fake news or false information. However, in a marketplace full of bad ideas, flooding the market with good ones does not seem to solve the problem. The marketplace could be chaotically flooded with ideas making it hard to discern and extract the good ideas from the bad. This will further exacerbate the problem and lead to misinformation being distributed making it difficult for individuals to extract the best truth. Additionally, the marketplace of ideas will become the marketplace of opinions or fake news. For instance, social media outlets such as Facebook makes it extremely difficult for citizens to discern the truth. I know the marketplace of ideas is not the marketplace of facts, but I believe the pioneers of the theory thought it should be a place of competing ideological convictions and fidelity to the true idea. Currently, there is a shift towards a preference for online news resources. In a study conducted by Alison Head found that the high school and college population is no longer on Facebook. The study indicated that high school and college students get their news from real-life discussions with peers (93%) and not just from social media (89%).[footnoteRef:33] Professors were considered a significant news source as well (70%), but librarians were not as effective as a source of news (7%).[footnoteRef:34] The most common source of news is memes, instagram, and snapchat. Head states that the tech giant Facebook is dying. Seeing this change, you would think that citizens would be more aware of fake news. People who understand fake news as a reality should rightfully be more skeptical about the veracity of what they read rather than accepting it blindly or at face value.[footnoteRef:35] If a consumer knows that fake news exists, it should encourage the consumer to be a more attentive, active, and always challenging the status quo. Some would even look at fake news circulating the market as a benefit because unfortunately, fake news will always circulate the marketplace, we just have to educate ourselves with discernment. [33: Head, Alison. â€Å"How Students Engage With News.† https://www.projectinfolit.org/news_study.html ] [34: Id.] [ 35: Calvert, Clay. First Amendment Law review. Vol 16.] Today, no matter whether the information is true, marketing is most important. Even when the idea itself is fake, as long as the party distributing the false information claims that the opposing idea is â€Å"fake news† they have an upper hand due to market trends. For example, a republican claiming that a democrat is conveying fake news. Maybe we should focus on real news and, specifically, ways to make it more appealing to the massive number of Americans who bypass reading traditional daily newspapers and watching local television newscasts produced by reputable organizations.[footnoteRef:36] Therefore, the marketplace of ideas approach alone may not be the best solution to solving fake news. There is no doubt that tackling fake news is a muti-faceted approach. We need news literacy. We need to educate ourselves on how to vet disreputable reputable sources, and how to properly research. However, here, we will focus on the theory or theories that will help weed out fake news without abridging the First Amendment. [36: Benton, Joshua Get Serious About Getting Rid of Fake News, NIEMAN REPS., Fall 2016, at 38, 39.] The regulation of fake news might even be contradictory to the marketplace principle. However, the Harm principle might play a major role in regulating fake news. Under the Harm principle fake news would be okay so long as it does not cause anyone harm. Moreover, the only purpose that power can be exercised over any member of the civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. This principle is grounded in Utilitarianism. Under the Harm Principle, individuals are free to drink, smoke, or use drugs even though this harm is self-inflicted. However, the moment that self-infliction begins to hurt others, such as drinking and driving, it must be stopped. More specifically, the only time government can interfere or suppress an individual’s complete liberty is to prevent harm to others. For example, the pizzagate scandal. a man carrying an assault rifle walked into a pizza restaurant in Washington, DC. He was intent on investigating on his own whether the restaurant, Comet Ping Pong, was the headquarters of an underground child sex ring allegedly run by the presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and her former campaign manager, John Podesta.[footnoteRef:37] The man was motivated by stories disseminated through right wing social media outlets. He entered the restaurant and fired several shots in the ceiling. This would be fake news that has caused harm. Fortunately, no one was injured by the gunshot but there was a definite probability of it happening. [37: Lopez, German. â€Å"Pizzagate, the fake news conspiracy theory that led a gunman to DC’s Comet Ping Pong, explained† Dec. 2016.] John Stuart Mill’s harm principle suggests that â€Å"the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.†[footnoteRef:38] As so eloquently summarized by Professor Frederick Schauer, this means â€Å"that society may proceed only against genuine harms and not against other forms of individual or social discomfort.†[footnoteRef:39] What then, in reference to Millian theology, is the â€Å"harm to others†[footnoteRef:40] caused by fake news? [38: Mill, John S. On Liberty 80 (David Bromwich George Kateb eds., Yale Univ. Press 2003).] [39: Schauer, Frederick On the Relation Between Chapters One and Two of John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty, 39 CAP. U. L. REV. 571, 574 (2011).] [40: Mill, On Liberty, note 33 pg. 80] Identifying the harm or harms that we fear fake news produces is a condition precedent or any effective corrective action, be it through legal or private channels. One important step that lawmakers seeking to regulate any speech-based phenomenon must take is to â€Å"identify, with precision and specificity, the actual problem that the speech caught in the legislative crosshairs allegedly causes.†[footnoteRef:41] In other words, when it comes to fake news, one must â€Å"pinpoint the precise harm, not just some generalized, indistinct worry.†[footnoteRef:42] Mill’s underlying argument that freedom of speech allows poor ideas to be discussed, criticized, and defeated.[footnoteRef:43] But if that were true, why are having such a difficult time discerning the truth from fake news? In short, news is no longer found on traditional forums and access to resources has increased dramatically. [41: Calvert, Clay. First Amendment Law review. Vol 16.] [42: Id. at 256] [43: M ills, J. On Liberty, Chapter 4] The Marketplace of ideas approach is not so much concerned with harm, as it understands that not everyone will be in the majority. Which is why merging this idea with the Harm Principle seems proper. The marketplace of ideas is concerned with the truth. Truth causing harm is okay as long as the truth benefits the majority. Likewise, under the Harm Principle, if understood liberally, – i.e., taking into consideration that the principle of utility is its foundation, – harm is okay so long as it brings the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people.[footnoteRef:44] It is the combination of the Marketplace approach and Mill’s Harm principle that regulation is likely to succeed. Combining these concepts almost looks a bit like an intermediate scrutiny approach the concurrence discussed in Alvarez. However, there is another method that may help in regulating fake news and it concerns private entities such Facebook. [44: Nahra, Cinara. (2014). The har m principle and the greatest happiness principle: the missing link. Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia, 55(129), 99-110.] Most people today are acquiring their news from a source not deemed a forum or media corporation or outlet. Because of this, fake news has increased exponentially. Companies like FB are in a peculiar situation. Although they are indeed private companies; they are so massive that most people use its platform to engage in speech-related activities. One idea offered by Joshua Benton is that Facebook could hire editors to manage what shows up in its trending section, one of the major ways misinformation gets spread and a team of journalists and â€Å"charge them with separating at least the worst of the fake news from the stream.†[footnoteRef:45] A lot of this can be easily done with Facebook’s algorithm. Matter of fact, the outrageously fake news could be weighted a certain way in the algorithm. Facebook does have regulations and safeguards in place in reference to the freedom of expression. Facebook policies, although not all of them are known, have limitations on an individual’s freedom of expression. This all typically depends on the social movement and newsworthy content at the time. Facebook also states that it will remove content that attacks gender, age, sex, and race. Facebook has also decided to take down false information or fake news that is intended to immediately incite violence and physical harm. This is all dependent upon a user reporting the issue and the context of the issue. However, there are some issues with this. There is a possibility that by allowing social media companies to help regulate the market, you could be infringing upon the companies rights. Moreover, it may be difficult to prevent these companies from violating the First Amendment rights of individuals who wish to speak on the Internet. A possible solution would be to categorize companies like Facebook as a designated forum then the government will have more room for regulation. [ 45: Benton, Joshua. Get Serious About Getting Rid of Fake News, NIEMAN REPS., Fall 2016.] APPLICATION Although the public forum doctrine playing role, it does not solve the fake news issue. The best approach would be a combination of the marketplace of ideas approach, Harm Principle and Intermediate Scrutiny must be at the heart of restricting fake news. What does this mean? The approach I offer is one of a balancing test. Balancing the marketplace of ideas and the harm. Moreover, if the government is to intrude in this area in any way there must be some form of intermediate scrutiny. If Congress decides to put a statute in place, it must be narrowly tailored to achieve a legitimate governmental interest. If there is a less restrictive way than the statute proposes, then the statute is unconstitutional. I do not believe in punishing companies in order to achieve this goal unlike Germany. I believe hate speech is a necessary evil as long as it avoids becoming a true threat. However, we must encourage thoughtful forms of expression. One way to do so, similar to utility companies and their Energy Efficient programs in various states, is to offer an incentive. One incentive may be a capped tax break for the percentage of investment. However, unlike the Energy Efficiency programs there will not be any lost net revenues recovered because the amount of information trafficked through social media sites are innumerable. The government should first offer the incentive and if no one participates in the program the next step would be to construct a statute. On the other hand, I believe companies will be eager to participate because

Christianity ( Religion ) On Christianity - 1349 Words

CHRISTIANITY (RELIGION) Christianity essentially focuses on faith as it foundation. There are over one thousand religious establishments in the U.S. and Canada and that is just focusing on Christianity on its own. There are 19 major world religions which are sectioned into a total of 270 large religious groups and there is also many smaller ones. They all hold various and often differing beliefs concerning divinity, humanity and the rest of the universe. Many consider that their own faith is the only completely true one. Many believe that God revealed their faith to humanity in the form of sacred books; many believe that religions -- other than their own -- are all man-made. They believe that the consensus of scientists, and the beliefs†¦show more content†¦It is not often that they come to terms with one another, in the case of Science the feud is predominantly fueled because of the stories in the Bible. A majority of society sees these stories as far-fetched and hard to comprehend with the reason ing being because science needs proof for it to be believed. Unfortunately for science’s side, all major religions are built around an individual or higher power who might not have even existed or if they did not to the extent that are told about them. The two aspects of the argument contrast each other but I think can be utilized to work with one another in certain situations. When it comes to Christianity and science, neither side is truly at piece with the idea of an agreement. This feud between the two sides is usually applied by people who are atheists or don’t believe in any kind of spirituality and it applies to science as well. Christianity and spirituality produce unfathomable feelings in people. By speaking to peoples’ most profound values it makes practicing science difficult and they must be careful to approach these processes with familiarity, compassion and precaution. Unfortunately, it is rare people in the profession of science take into consideration these values. Although it isn’t their

Taking a Look at Gun Control - 876 Words

Gun Control There is a raging battle in the United States court rooms extending all the way to many communities throughout the US. That battle, or to be more exact, question is, â€Å"would stricter gun control laws be beneficial to the United States?† There are two perspectives on the ever-continuing question, one being that stricter gun control would be beneficial and cause less harm to citizens, and the contrasting view is that it is a right to be able to own guns, and that they are used for protection and recreational purposes. On average, in one hour, a teen or child is injured from a firearm related accident (Healy 2). Gun control is a topic of continuing discussion that is seemingly fueled by tragedies. Incidents such as the Sandy Hook shooting, the Columbine shooting and multiple other tragedies just fuel the fire. Bans and laws have been placed in multiple cities and states such as New York and Chicago. The bans in the stated regions include, the owning of a handgun is illegal, the shipping of guns and ammunition is illegal, and there are multiple restrictions on the guns you can own. It is commonly thought that many people believe in having gun bans and stricter laws will lower crime levels as well as lower firearm related deaths and injuries. This idea is opposed by many as they believe that, if ordinary, law abiding citizens are punished and have their rights to own firearms taken away, the only people who will have guns are criminals who acquire them illegallyShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Gun Control1263 Words   |  5 PagesGun control is one of the most controversial topics in our country. There are two main views. The first is the view as it is said in the United States Constitution, they guns should be legal for civilian ownership. The second view, and the severity of its enforcement varies from person to person, it that gun control should be enacted. This could just mean smaller magazines, to no semi-automatic guns, or even to a complete ban. The founding father’s view is basically what is still used todayRead MoreTaking a Look at Gun Cont rol1226 Words   |  5 Pageswater in abundance. For healthcare, I will work on improving the Obama care system and provide health care for every living, breathing American. I will do my best to enforce the affordable healthcare act. The Affordable Care Act allows consumers control over their health care options. There should not be an insurance company who won’t cover a person because of a disease that they have. There should not be an elderly person who is turned down for being old. No young American should be denied fromRead MoreTaking a Look at Gun Control554 Words   |  2 Pagesto buy a gun nowhere would be safe. People would not like leaving there home because they would feel unsafe and scared. The government needs to make sure the laws are being followed, that they have proper enforcement, and think about the effects on the people if they are too leaniant with the gun control laws. Gun laws are slowly getting less strict the effects of that are being shown today, gun laws should stay the same. If the laws are less strict more criminals will be able to buy guns which isRead MoreDifferent Views on Gun Control841 Words   |  3 Pages Gun Control is a big topic right now and this Op Ed paper will be on the very important topic of gun control. How the laws can be improved and how people think it should be solved. Some think that firearms should be banned altogether. Others think that improving the purchasing of guns and more strict laws will improve the gun violence problem. Better education of handling/safety of guns, better background checks and a test on your knowledge of the gun you are wanting to purchase is the bestRead MoreEssay Americans Should Keep their Right to Bear Arms1107 Words   |  5 Pagesabout controlling guns and many people are trying to discontinue giving citizens the right to own or possess firearm weapons. There are many people who th ink that nobody should be allowed to possess a firearm where as there are many other people that believe they deserve the right to own a firearm for many reasons. Because of the large differential between beliefs on this topic there is a large debate within the US Government whether or not to allow citizens to continue using guns and keep them. Read MoreCalifornia And Washington Dc : The Highest Gun Murder Rate938 Words   |  4 Pageshighest gun murder rate with 1,220 homicides, which accounted for 68 percent or 3.25 gun murders per every 100,000 people. Washington DC had the highest per 100,000 people gun murders with 12 per 100,000 and the highest gun used robberies with 242.56 out of every 100,000 people (Howerton, 2013). Seeing these statistics would probably get you thinking California and Washington DC must be pretty lax on their control, wrong, California was actually even the honors as the strongest state on control, whileRead MoreEssay on Both Sides of Gun Control in t he United States1442 Words   |  6 PagesUsually when people think about guns they think about crime. But are the two really related? Do guns really lead to crime? And if they do, do laws that restrict firearm ownership and the use of guns stop the crime or protect people? These are the questions many politicians are asking themselves when creating gun control laws. The debate over gun control is nothing new. As you can see this debate still goes on today and is the cause for the beginning of gun control laws. Guns are extremely powerful weaponsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1215 Words   |  5 Pagesgunman ended up taking twenty six innocent lives. However, this gunman could have taken more if this innocent bystander did not step in the gunman could have shot more people or have went to other churches and shot them up. Although we had someone stand up to this shooter with a gun and probably saved many more lives. Why are people still saying the gun is the problem like this quote by Eliot Spitzer â€Å"Yes, people pull the trigger - but guns are the instrument of death. Gun control is necessary, andRead MoreThere Are Four Main Ideological Perspectives In The Political1302 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernmental health care. They would prefer the government take a few steps back when it comes to providing the public with things like welfare, social security, or health care. Conservatives want the government to have more control in social issues and therefore the control on abortion an d gay marriage. They also want to maintain traditional â€Å"American† values and like the government to provide people with freedom to make their own decisions in order to reach their goals. These are two general explanationsRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall time in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How will

`` Jesus And Violence `` By Jon Sobrino - 1369 Words

â€Å"Jesus and Violence† History has told us that violence has never been the solution to more violence. Nowadays, actions of violence are everywhere, in movies, television serious, in our daily life. We live in a world where power is often established through violence. But for a truly Christian, the form of violence the world chooses is always surpassed by the truth of the Scriptures. Violence is never the solution to resolve conflicts, because violence generates more violence. For many years, violence has been the answer to conflicts in many Latin American countries. According to Jon Sobrino, â€Å"Latin America is an extremely violent continent.† The option for the poor has arisen in Latin America, a continent that is mostly poor and Christian. Latin America has always been characterized by the difference of social classes and by the oppression of the poor. The option for the poor has arisen in Latin America, a continent that is mostly poor and Christian. As a result of these characteristics of injustices, the oppressed raised their voice to ask for their rights to be respected. The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that, â€Å"The dignity of the human person is rooted in his creation in the image and likeness of God.† Moreover, the demanding for basic respect for any individual no matter what social class someone belongs to, has always generated conflicts where violence seems to best the answer. As a better result, anyone could think that seeking dialogue would be theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Oscar Romero, Liberation Theology and the Catholic Church3831 Words   |  16 Pageslower-class in El Salvador. His teachings and beliefs that the marginalized peasants should be treated justly made him a living legend among his countrymen and isolated him from the nation’s corrupt elites. Although he never specifically condoned violence, his sermons played no small part in fomenting a bloody peasant uprising and civil war that raged for over a decade. In t he last few years, a strong effort has been made to canonize Romero. Although he is revered not only in his own country but

Analyzing Toys R Us Case free essay sample

This paper examines the Toys R Us communication processes, focusing on management practices, technology and the employees ability to communicate. This paper looks at the value of the Toys R Us solution to improve their communication processes focusing on the analysis of the Toys ?R? Us Case Study, a case study investigation, contrasting the solutions and individual reflections of the author. The inefficiencies of the present communication network in the company are also examined. From the paper: Toys ?R? Us began in 1948 as a business dedicated to fulfilling the needs of children. Those needs included toys, clothing, furniture, accessories and more. Today Toys ?R? Us is an $11 billion international chain with 1,450 stores nationwide. Not only does Toys ?R? Us have physical locations, they also have a very strong Internet presence. To operate a business this size requires an immense staff with each individual bringing their knowledge and experiences to the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyzing Toys R Us Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With such a large number of stores and a diverse group of employees, the ability to communicate is essential .

Jazz Essay free essay sample

Ragtime which was an African Tyler of music and was played by Plano influenced the creation of Jazz by African American. The first group ever to play jazz were; Tom browns band from Dixie land in South in 1916. Their Idea was just Musical literacy, they couldnt read music, but they were so talented that they would only play by ear. For this particular reason many other musicians would call them negative names. After a decade, Jazz became more popular, but it never became Americas favorite music. However, popular music generated from Jazz. This fact made Jazz more off life style( partying, having a good time). At that point in time any music that wasnt religious or classical was mostly referred to Jazz ( in the asss). Jazz musicians were often so talented that pop music producers would depend on Jazz musicians for their creativity to make money for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, Jazz became the musicians Music. Their honest desire and artistic creativity made them very proud. So, it wasnt Just because of money. It was a unique way of life that they believed not everyone understands,There were 2 very common vehicles for Jazz songs. One was the cords to the 12 bar (blues). Two was the cords to I got rhythm which emphasized many song forms. The formats were mostly consists of head solos head. The book explains about the six very important characteristics of Jazz which were; Improvisation, Syncopation, Swing, Jazz Instrument technical, Influence of the Blues and rhythm section and front liners. The very first style of jazz was New Orleans Jazz which was divided into two sections;Collective Improvisation and counterpoint (poly phony) melody against melody. At that time Kid ROR was the first African American in 1922 to record instrumental Jazz. Some of the famous figures of that era were; Sidney Becket, which was one of the greatest Jazz musicians who moved to Europe and started the Jazz there. Another famous figure was James P Johnson The father of Harlem Strides who was classically trained composer. Some of the other key figures of that era are as follows: Buddy Bolder was one of the very first jazz players ever who invented the big 4 beat.Bunk Johnson who played modern Jazz until way after Into asss but never recorded his music. Freddie kippered helped spreading the New Orleans jazz. Joe king Oliver who was one of the key figures and also was the mentor of the Legendary Louis Armstrong. Louis Armstrong is one the most influential Jazz icons of all time. He was born In August of 1901, but claimed that he was born on July 4th of 1900. He started his career as cornet player at an early age. In 1919 he played with river boat band lead by Fate marble.Although they were all African American but they played for white Thats when he became second corniest at the Lincoln gardens. In 1925 he changed from cornet to trumpet and he recorded the hot gs and hot gs Master pieces until 1929 which gained much respect for the genre of Jazz. Other famous people who collaborated with Louis during that time were; Fletcher Henderson, Don Red man and Coleman Hawkins. After 1929 he got inebriate 2 different mobs in Chicago and a year later moves to LA to perform at Sebastian cotton club in Culver city.